Depression therapy is like a structured conversation with a direction: the first appointment maps your symptoms, history and goals, and the weeks after turn that map into specific changes in what you do and how you read your own thoughts.
Trauma-focused therapy is treatment that works directly on a traumatic memory and the beliefs it left behind, rather than only helping you cope around it. Among the best-studied forms are Cognitive Processing Therapy and Prolonged Exposure, recommended by the APA and VA/DoD PTSD guidelines and grouped by NICE under individual trauma-focused CBT for adults.
Culturally sensitive therapy is psychotherapy in which your culture, race, faith, language, family structure and immigration history are treated as part of the clinical picture. It uses established methods such as CBT and ACT, with the questions, examples and goals adapted to your background instead of to one assumed norm.
For most adults dealing with anxiety, depression, stress, grief or a relationship pattern, the kind of therapist you need is a licensed psychologist, professional counselor or clinical social worker trained in the method that fits the problem. You need a psychologist specifically for psychological testing, and a physician, such as a psychiatrist, psychiatric nurse practitioner or your primary care doctor, if you want or may need medication.
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Attachment-based therapy is talk therapy that looks at how early bonds with caregivers can shape the way you seek closeness, and how you protect yourself when closeness feels risky. With adults it is used one to one and with couples; its best-known couples form is Emotionally Focused Therapy, which works on the negative cycle partners get stuck in, most often pursue and withdraw.
A teenager should see a therapist when a change in mood, sleep, friendships or schoolwork has lasted two weeks or more and has either spread into more than one part of life or kept getting worse. Call sooner if your teen asks to talk to someone or has been through an assault or a sudden loss; you do not need a diagnosis or a crisis to call.
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